Publications 

Lance Optican

August 2008

 

    1. Quaia C., Shan X., Tian J., Ying H., Optican L.M., Walker M., Tamargo R., and Zee D.S. Acute superior oblique palsy in the monkey: effects of viewing conditions on ocular alignment and modelling of the ocular motor plant. Progress in Brain Research, 2008, Vol 171, 47-52, ISSN 0079-6123.
    2. Optican L.M. The role of omnipause neurons: why glycine? Progress in Brain Research, 2008, Vol 171, 115-121, ISSN 0079-6123.
    3. Ramat S. Leigh R.J., Zee D.S., Shaikh A.G. Optican L.M. Applying saccade models to account for oscillations. Progress in Brain Research, 2008, Vol 171, 123-130, ISSN 0079-6123.
    4. Hong S., Leigh R.J., Zee D.S., Optican L.M. Inferior olive hypertrophy and cerebellar learning are both needed to explain ocular oscillations in oculopalatal tremor. Progress in Brain Research, 2008, Vol 171, 219-226, ISSN 0079-6123.
    5. Liao K ., Hong S., Zee D.S., Optican L.M., Leigh R.J. Impulsive head rotation resets oculopalatal tremor: examination of a model. Progress in Brain Research, 2008, Vol 171, 227-234, ISSN 0079-6123.
    6. Rucker J.C., Leigh, R.J., Optican L.M., Keller, E.L., Buttner-Ennever J.A. Ocular motor anatomy in a case of interrupted saccades. Progress in Brain Research, 2008, Vol 171, 563-566, ISSN 0079-6123.
    7. Optican L.M., Rucker J.C., Keller E.L., Leigh R.J. Mechanism of interrupted saccades in patients with late-onset Tay-Sachs disease. Progress in Brain Research, 2008, Vol 171, 567-570, ISSN 0079-6123.
    8. Yasuko Sugase-Miyamoto, Zheng Liu, Matthew C. Wiener, Lance M. Optican, Barry J. Richmond. Short-Term Memory Trace in Rapidly Adapting Synapses of Inferior Temporal Cortex PLoS Computational Biology, May 2008 Volume 4, Issue 5.
    9. Shan X, Tian J, Ying HS, Walker MF, Guyton D, Quaia C, Optican LM, Tamargo RJ, Zee DS. The Effect of Acute Superior Oblique Palsy on Torsional Optokinetic Nystagmus in Monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, April 2008, Vol. 49, No. 4, 1421-1428.
    10. Serra A, Liao K, Martinez-Conde S,Optican LM,Leigh RJ. Suppression of saccadic intrusions in hereditary ataxia by memantine. Neurology 2008;70;810-812.
    11. Shaikh AG, Jinnah HA, Tripp RM, Optican LM, Ramat S, Lenz FA, Zee DS. Irregularity distinguishes limb tremor in cervical dystonia from essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008 Feb;79(2):187-9.
    12. Shaikh AG, Miura K, Optican LM, Ramat S, Leigh RJ, Zee DS. A new familial disease of saccadic oscillations and limb tremor provides clues to mechanisms of common tremor disorders. Brain 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):3020-31.
    13. Shan X, Tian J, Ying HS, Quaia C, Optican LM, Walker MF, Tamargo RJ and Zee DS: Acute Superior Oblique Palsy in Monkeys: I. Changes in Static Eye Alignment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48:2602–2611, 2007.
    14. Shan X, Ying HS, Tian J, Quaia C, Walker MF, Optican LM, Tamargo RJ and Zee DS: Acute Superior Oblique Palsy in Monkeys: II. Changes in Dynamic Properties during Vertical Saccades. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48:2612–2620, 2007.
    15. Tian J, Shan X, Zee DS, Ying H, Tamargo RJ, Quaia C, Optican LM, and Walker MF: Acute Superior Oblique Palsy in Monkeys: III. Relationship to Listing’s Law. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48:2621–2625, 2007.
    16. Ramat S, Leigh RJ, Zee DS, Optican LM: What clinical disorders tell us about the control of saccadic eye movements. Brain Advance Access published on November 21, 2006. doi:10.1093/brain/awl309
    17. Nakahara H, Morita K, Wurtz RH, Optican LM: Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may arise from asymmetry of internal connections. J. Neurophysiol, 96: 765-774, 2006.
    18. Blohm G, Optican LM, Lefevre P: A model that integrates eye velocity commands to keep track of smooth eye displacements. J Comput Neurosci, 21: 51-70, 2006.
    19. Miura K and Optican LM: Membrane channel properties of premotor excitatory burst neurons may underlie saccade slowing after lesions of omnipause neurons. J Comput Neurosci, 20: 25-41, 2006.
    20. Miura K and Optican LM: Saccade Slowing After Lesions of Omnipause Neurons Explained By Two Hypothetical Membrane Properties of Premotor Burst Neurons. Chapter 23 in Neural Engineering Brain Imaging and Brain-Computer Interface, M. Akay, ed. in press, 2006.
    21. Yuksel D, Optican LM, Lefevre P: Properties of saccades in Duane retraction syndrome. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 46(9): 3144-3151, 2005.
    22. Optican, LM: Sensorimotor Transformation for Visually Guided Saccades. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Ramat S and Straumann D, eds. 1039: 132-148, 2005.
    23. Hanes DP, Smith MK, Optican LM, Wurtz RH: Recovery of saccadic dysmetria following localized lesions in monkey superior colliculus. Exp Brain Res. 160: 312-325, 2005.
    24. Ramat S, Leigh RJ, Zee DS, Optican LM: Ocular oscillations generated by coupling of brainstem excitatory and inhibitory saccadic burst neurons.Exp Brain Res 160: 899-106, 2005.
    25. Optican LM, Miura K, and FitzGibbon EJ: Tenotomy and congenital nystagmus: a null result is not a failure, for "It is not the answer that enlightens, but the question". Vision Res, 44: 3095-3098, 2004.
    26. Miura K, Hertle RW, FitzGibbon EJ and Optican LM: Effects of tenotomy surgery on congenital nystagmus waveforms in adult patients. I. Wavelet spectral analysis. Vision Res, 43: 2345-235: 2003.
    27. Miura K, Hertle RW, FitzGibbon EJ and Optican LM: Effects of tenotomy surgery on congenital nystagmus waveforms in adult patients. II. Dynamical systems analysis. Vision Res, 43: 2357-2362, 2003.
    28. Quaia C and Optican LM: Dynamic eye plant models and the control of eye movements. Strabismus, 11:17-31, 2003.
    29. Miura K and Optican LM: Membrane properties of medium-lead burst neurons may contribute to dynamical properties of saccades. Proceedings of the 1st International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Pages 20 -23, 2003.
    30. Quaia C and Optican LM: Three-Dimensional Rotations of the Eye, in Adler's Physiology of the Eye: Clinical Application, 10th Edition. Kaufman PL & Alm A, Eds. Mosby, NY. pgs. 818-829, 2003.
    31. Lisberger SG, Optican LM, Mauk M, Kettner R, Yamamoto K, Hirata Y, Delgado-Garcia J, Bell C, Yeo C, McCrae R, Highstein SM, Thach T, and Stahl J: Cerebellum: Recent Developments in Cerebellar Research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 978: 496-502, 2002.
    32. Optican LM and Quaia C: Distributed model of collicular and cerebellar function during saccades. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Kaminski HJ and Leigh RJ, eds. 956, pgs. 164-177, 2002.
    33. Optican LM and Quaia C:From sensory space to motor commands: lessons from saccades. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2001. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE , Volume: 1, Page(s): 820 -823, 2001.
    34. Levine BK, Beason-Held LL, Purpura KP, Aronchick DM, Optican LM, Alexander GE, Horwitz B, Rapoport SI, Schapiro M.: Age-related differences in visual perception: a PET study, Neurobiology of Aging 21: 577-584, 2000.
    35. Quaia C and Optican LM: Effetto Delle pulegge orbitali sul controllo delle rotazioni oculari.In La Coordinazione Dei Movimenti Binoculari, P. Inchingolo and P. Perisutti, eds. Edizioni Goliardiche, Trieste, pgs. 85-104, 2000.
    36. Optican LM and Quaia C: Il controllo collicolare e cerebellare dei movimenti saccadici. In La Coordinazione Dei Movimenti Binoculari, P. Inchingolo and P. Perisutti, eds. Edizioni Goliardiche, Trieste, pgs. 105-134, 2000.
    37. Quaia C, Pare M, Wurtz RH, Optican LM: Extent of compensation for variations in monkey saccadic eye movements. Exp Brain Res 132: 39-51, 2000.
    38. Beason-Held LL, Purpura KP, Krasuski JS, Desmond RE, Mangot DJ, Daly EM, Optican LM, Rapoport SI, VanMeter JW: Striate cortex in humans demonstrates the relationship between activation and variations in visual form. Exp Brain Res. 130: 221-226, 2000
    39. Quaia C, Optican LM: No "When" without "Where" Behav Brain Sci 22: 696-697, 1999
    40. Quaia C, Lefèvre P, Optican LM: Model of the control of saccades by superior colliculus and cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 999-1018, 1999
    41. Brooks R, Grossberg S, Optican L: Neural control and robotics: biology and technology. Neural Networks 11: 1147-1147, 1998
    42. Lefèvre P, Quaia C, Optican LM: Distributed model of control of saccades by superior colliculus and cerebellum. Neural Networks 11: 1175-1190, 1998
    43. Quaia C, Optican LM, Goldberg ME: The maintenance of spatial accuracy by the perisaccadic remapping of visual receptive fields. Neural Networks 11: 1229-1240, 1998
    44. Beason-Held LL, Purpura KP, Krasuski JS, Maisog JM, Daly EM, Mangot DJ, Desmond RE, Optican LM, Schapiro MB, VanMeter JW: Cortical regions involved in visual texture perception: a fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research 7: 111-118, 1998
    45. Optican LM and Quaia C: Effects of orbital pulleys on the control of eye rotations. In Vision and Action, L. R. Harris and M. Jenkin, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pgs. 120-138, 1998.
    46. Quaia C and Optican LM: Commutative saccadic generator is sufficient to control a 3-D ocular plant with pulleys. J. Neurophysiol. 79:3197-3215, 1998
    47. Quaia C, Aizawa H, Optican LM, Wurtz RH: "Reversible inactivation of monkey superior colliculus. II. Maps of saccadic deficits." J. Neurophysiol. 79:2097-2110, 1998
    48. Beason-Held LL, Purpura KP, VanMeter JW, Azari NP, Mangot DJ, Optican LM, Mentis MJ, Alexander GE, Grady CL, Horwitz B, Rapoport SI and Schapiro MB: "PET reveals occipitotemporal pathway activation during elementary form perception in humans." Visual Neuroscience 15(3):503-510, 1998.
    49. Optican LM: "Low rates yield big returns." Nature Neurosci. 1:8-9, 1998.
    50. Quaia C and Optican LM: "Model with distributed vectorial premotor bursters accounts for the component stretching of oblique saccades." J. Neurophysiol. 78:1120-1134, 1997
    51. Joseph JS, Victor JD, and Optican LM: "Scaling effects in the perception of higher-order spatial correlations." Vision Research 37: 3097-3107, 1997.
    52. Chandra R and Optican LM: "Detection, classification, and superposition resolution of action potentials in multi-unit single-channel recordings by an online, real-time neural network." IEEE Trans. Biomed Eng. 44:403-412, 1997.
    53. Joseph JS and Optican LM: Involuntary attentional shifts due to orientation differences. Perception & Psychophysics 58:651-665, 1996.
    54. McClurkin JW and Optican LM: Primate Striate and Prestriate Cortical Neurons During Discrimination: I. Simultaneous Temporal Encoding of Information About Color and Pattern. J. Neurophysiol. 75:481-495, 1996.
    55. McClurkin JW, Zarbock JA and Optican LM: Primate Striate and Prestriate Cortical Neurons During Discrimination: II. Separable Temporal Codes for Color and Pattern. J. Neurophysiol. 75:496-507, 1996.
    56. Optican LM and McClurkin JW: Temporal Encoding of Visual Features by Cortical Neurons. In Advances in Processing and Pattern Analysis of Biological Signals, G. F. Inbar and I. Gath, Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp 195-204, 1996.
    57. Optican LM: A Field Theory of Saccade Generation: Temporal-To-Spatial Transform In The Superior Colliculus. Vision Res. 35:3313-3320, 1995.
    58. Wurtz RH and Optican LM: Superior colliculus cell types and models of saccade generation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4:857-861, 1994.
    59. Optican LM: Control of saccade trajectory by the superior colliculus. In Contemporary Ocular Motor and Vestibular Research: A Tribute to David A. Robinson, A. Fuchs, T. Brandt, U. Buttner, D. Zee, eds., Thieme, Stuttgart, pgs. 98-105, 1994.
    60. McClurkin JW, Zarbock JA, Optican LM: Temporal codes for colors, patterns, and memories. Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 10, Primary Visual Cortex of Primates. A. Peters and K.S. Rockland, eds. Plenum, New York, pgs. 443-467, 1994.
    61. McClurkin JW, Optican LM, Richmond BJ: Cortical feedback increases visual information transmitted by monkey parvocellular lateral geniculate nucleus neurons Visual Neurosci. 11:601-617, 1994.
    62. Chee-Orts M-N and Optican LM: Cluster method for analysis of transmitted information in multivariate neuronal data. Biol. Cyber. 69:29-35, 1993.
    63. Kapoula Z, Robinson DA, Optican LM: Visually Induced Cross-Axis Postsaccadic Eye Drift. J. Neurophysiol. 69:1031-1043, 1993.
    64. Zee DS, E.J. FitzGibbon, Optican LM: Saccade vergence interactions in human beings. J. Neurophysiol. 68: 1624-1641, 1992.
    65. Eskandar EN, Richmond BJ, Optican LM: Role of inferior temporal neurons in visual memory: I. Temporal encoding of information about visual images, recalled images, and behavioral context. J. Neurophysiol., 68: 1277-1295, 1992.
    66. Eskandar EN, Optican LM, Richmond BJ: Role of inferior temporal neurons in visual memory: II. Multiplying temporal waveforms related to vision and memory. J. Neurophysiol. 68: 1296-1306, 1992.
    67. Eskandar EN, Hertz JA, Richmond BJ, Optican LM, Kjaer T: Decoding of neuronal signals in visual pattern recognition. In Neural Information Processing Systems 4, J.E. Moody, S.J. Hanson, and R.P. Lippmann, eds. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, pgs. 356-363, 1992.
    68. Richmond BJ, Optican LM: The structure and interpretation of neuronal codes in the visual system. In Neural Networks for Human and Machine Perception H. Wechsler (ed.), pp. 105-131, Academic Press, 1992.
    69. McClurkin JW, Optican LM, Richmond BJ, and Gawne TJ: Concurrent processing and complexity of temporally encoded neuronal messages in visual perception. Science 253: 675-677, 1991.
    70. P. Inchingolo, Optican LM, E.J. FitzGibbon, and M.E. Goldberg: Adaptive mechanisms in the monkey saccadic system. In Oculomotor Control and Cognitive Processes, R. Schmid and D. Zambarbieri (eds). Elsevier, pgs. 147-162, 1991.
    71. J.A. Hertz, B.G. Hertz, Richmond BJ, and Optican LM: Neural decoding. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Visual Processing 1991.
    72. McClurkin JW, Gawne TJ, Richmond BJ, Optican LM, and D.L. Robinson: Lateral geniculate neurons in behaving primates: I. Responses to two-dimensional stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 777-793, 1991.
    73. McClurkin JW, Gawne TJ, Optican LM, and Richmond BJ: Lateral geniculate neurons in behaving primates: II. Encoding of visual information in the temporal shape of the response. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 794-808, 1991.
    74. Gawne TJ, McClurkin JW, Richmond BJ, and Optican LM: Lateral geniculate neurons in behaving primates: III. Predictive power of a multi-channel model J. Neurophysiol. 66: 809-823, 1991.
    75. Optican LM, Gawne TJ, Richmond BJ, and P.J. Joseph: Unbiased measures of transmitted information and channel capacity from multivariate neuronal data. Biol. Cyber. 65: 305-310, 1991.
    76. Gawne TJ, Richmond BJ, and Optican LM, Interactive effects among several stimulus parameters on the responses of striate cortical complex cells. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 379-389, 1991.
    77. D.M. Waitzman, T.P. Ma, Optican LM, and Wurtz RH: Superior colliculus neurons mediate the dynamic characteristics of saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 1716-1737, 1991.
    78. Z. Kapoula, Optican LM, and Robinson DA: Retinal image motion alone does not control disconjugate postsaccadic eye drift. J. Neurophysiol. 63: 999-1009, 1990.
    79. Richmond BJ, Optican LM, and H. Spitzer: Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate primary visual cortex: I. stimulus-response relations. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 351-369, 1990.
    80. Richmond BJ and Optican LM: Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate primary visual cortex: II. information transmission. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 370-380, 1990.
    81. B.J., Richmond, Optican LM, Gawne TJ: Neurons use multiple messages encoded in temporally modulated spike trains to represent pictures. in Seeing Contour and Colour J.J. Kulikowski & C.M. Dickinson, eds., Pergamon Press, pp. 701 - 710, Oxford, 1989.
    82. Kapoula Z, Optican LM and Robinson DA: Visually-induced plasticity of post-saccadic ocular drift in normal humans. J. Neurophysiol. 61: 879-891, 1989.
    83. Kelly BJ, Rosenberg ML, Zee DS, Optican LM: Unilateral pursuit-induced congenital nystagmus. Neurology 39: 414-416, 1989.
    84. Inchingolo P, FitzGibbon EJ, Optican LM, and Goldberg ME: Adaptation mechanisms in the monkey saccadic system. In Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Eye Movements R. Schmid and D. Zambarbieri (eds). Elsevier, pgs. 90-92, 1989.
    85. Waitzman DM, Ma TP, Optican LM and Wurtz RH: Superior colliculus neurons provide the saccadic motor error signal. Exp. Brain Res. 72: 649-652, 1988.
    86. Miles FA, Judge SJ and Optican LM: Optically induced changes in the coupling between vergence and accommodation. J. Neurosci. 7: 2576-2589, 1987.
    87. Richmond BJ, Optican LM, Podell M, and Spitzer H: Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single-units in primate inferior temporal cortex. I. Response Characteristics. J. Neurophysiol. 57: 132-146, 1987.
    88. Richmond BJ and Optican LM: Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single-units in primate inferior temporal cortex. II. Temporal waveform quantification. J. Neurophysiol. 57: 147-161, 1987.
    89. Optican LM and Richmond BJ: Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single-units in primate inferior temporal cortex. III. Information-theoretic analysis. J. Neurophysiol. 57: 162-178, 1987.
    90. Optican LM: Adaptive control of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements. In Adaptive Processes in Visual and Oculomotor Systems, E.L. Keller and Zee DS, eds. Pergamon Press, pgs. 313-320, 1986.
    91. Optican LM, Zee DS and Miles FA: Floccular lesions abolish adaptive control of post-saccadic ocular drift in primates. Exp. Br. Res. 64: 596-598, 1986.
    92. Miles FA, Kawano K and Optican LM: Short latency ocular following responses of monkey. I. Dependence on temporospatial properties of visual input. J. Neurophysiol. 56: 1321-1354, 1986.
    93. Rosenberg, ML; Kelly, BJ; Zee, D; Optican, LM: Unilateral pursuit induced congenital nystagmus. Neurology 36 (suppl 1): 251, 1986.
    94. Optican LM: Adaptive Properties of the Saccadic System. In Adaptive mechanisms in visual-vestibular interaction, A. Berthoz and G. Melvill Jones, eds. Elsevier Press, pgs. 71-79, 1985.
    95. Miles FA, Optican LM and Lisberger SG, An Adaptive Equalizer Model of the Primate Vestibulo-ocular Reflex. In Adaptive mechanisms in visual-vestibular interaction, A. Berthoz and G. Melvill Jones, eds. Elsevier Press, pgs. 313-326, 1985.
    96. Zee DS and Optican LM: Studies of Adaptation in Human Ocular Motor Disorders In Adaptive mechanisms in visual-vestibular interaction, A. Berthoz and G. Melvill Jones, eds. Elsevier Press, pgs. 165-176, 1985.
    97. Carl JR, Optican LM, Chu FC and Zee DS: Head shaking and vestibulo-ocular reflex in congenital nystagmus. Invest. Ophthalmol. & Vision Res. 26: 1043-1050, 1985.
    98. Optican LM, Zee DS, and Chu FC: Adaptive changes to ocular muscle weakness in human pursuit and saccadic eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 54: 110-122, 1985.
    99. Optican LM and Miles FA: Visually induced adaptive changes in primate saccadic oculomotor control signals. J. Neurophysiol. 54: 940-958, 1985.
    100. Optican LM and Zee DS: A hypothetical explanation of congenital nystagmus. Biol. Cybernetics 50: 119-134, 1984.
    101. Zee DS, Chu FC, Optican LM, Carl JR and Reingold, DB: Graphic analysis of paralytic strabismus with the Lancaster red-green test. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 97: 587-592, 1984.
    102. Zee DS and Optican LM: Mechanisms of Ocular Oscillations. In Movement Disorders: Tremor, L.J. Findley and R. Capildeo, eds. Macmillan Pub., 1984. Pgs. 409-419.
    103. Lisberger SG, Miles FA, Optican LM: Frequency-Selective Adaptation: Evidence for Channels in the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex? J. Neurosci., 3; 1234-1244, 1983.
    104. Optican LM, Frank DE, Smith BM, and Colburn TR: An amplitude and phase regulating magnetic field generator for an eye movement monitor. IEEE Trans. on Biomed. Eng., BME-29; 206-209, 1982.
    105. Optican LM: Saccadic Dysmetria. In Functional Basis of Ocular Motility Disorders, ed. G.L. Lennerstrand, Zee DS, and E.L. Keller. Pergammon Press, Oxford, Pg. 441-451, 1982.
    106. Zee DS, Butler PH, Optican LM, Tusa RJ, Gucer G: Effects of bilateral occipital lobectomies on eye movements in monkeys: Preliminary observations. In Physiological and Pathological Aspects of Eye Movements, ed. A. Roucoux and M. Crommelinck. Junk Publishers. Documenta Ophthalmoligica, Proceedings series 34, pg. 225-232, 1982.
    107. Hays AV, Richmond BJ, Optican LM: A UNIX-Based Multiple-Process System for Real-Time Data Acquisition and Control. WESCON Conference Proceedings, pgs. 2/1-1 to 2/1-10, 1982.
    108. Lisberger SG, Miles FA, Optican LM, and Eighmy BB: Optokinetic response in monkey: Underlying mechanisms and their sensitivity to long-term adaptive changes in vestibuloocular reflex. J. Neurophysiol. 45; 869-980, 1981.
    109. Robinson DA and Optican LM: Adaptive plasticity in the oculomotor system. In Lesion-Induced Neuronal Plasticity in Sensorimotor Systems, ed. H. Flohr and W. Precht. Springer-Verlag, pg. 295-304, 1981.
    110. Optican LM and Robinson DA: Cerebellar-dependent adaptive control of primate saccadic system. J. Neurophysiol. 44; 1058-1075, 1980.
    111. Zee DS, Optican LM, Cook JD, Robinson DA, and Engel WK: Slow Saccades in spinocerebellar degeneration. Arch. Neurol. 33; 243-251, 1976.
    112. Kertesz AE and Optican LM: Interactions between neighboring retinal regions during fusional responses. Vision Res. 14; 339-343, 1974.